Linki

• ,,(...)człowiek nigdy nie wyrobi sobie o nikim właściwego pojęcia .Stwarza obraz i kontent.
• Ingham Christine - Automotywacja na 101 sposobów (2), EBOOKI, I, Ingham Christine - Automotywacja na 101 sposobów
• Introduction to the Kabalah, Ksiazki, KABAŁA
• Introduction to the special section on NSSI, ♥ psychologia - inne (książki, artykuły), [EN] artykuły, nssi (non-suicidal self injury) + masochism
• Informatyka Europejczyka Informatyka Podrecznik dla szkol ponadgimnazjalnych Czesc 1, ebooki, fragmenty, helion
• Inna Ziemia - DICK PHILIP K , ebook txt, Ebooki w TXT
• Inwestowanie a podatki. Niezbędnik inwestora - Robert Morawski, PDF, Ebooki
• Inteligentne inwestowanie - Tomasz Bar, Ebooki - Inwestowanie, Gielda, Forex
• Inspiring Love Quotes and Romance Manual, Angielski, Ebooki dla kobiet po angielsku
• Inwestowanie pieniędzy w praktyce - Tomasz Bar, Ebooki - Inwestowanie, Gielda, Forex
• Introduction to Cryptography - Principles & Applications, Kryptologia, Computer Security Enthusiast Ebook Collection [haslo Stefan](Stefan 68)
• zanotowane.pl
• doc.pisz.pl
• pdf.pisz.pl
• dukeolo.htw.pl

[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
Introduction to
Digital
Astrophotography
Imaging the Universe
with a Digital Camera
Robert Reeves
P.O. Box 35025 · Richmond, VA 23235 · TOLL FREE 1 (800) 825-7827 · (804) 320-7016 · FAX (804) 272-5920
Copyright © 2005 Robert Reeves
Published by Willmann-Bell, Inc., P.O. Box 35025, Richmond, Virginia 23235
Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by an means
(electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission of
both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.
The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via an other means without
the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law.
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Reeves, Robert, 1946-
Introduction to digital astrophotography : imaging the Universe with a digital camera / by
Robert Reeves
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN 0-943396-83-2
1. Astronomical photography. I. Title,
QB121.R446 2005
522’.63--dc22
2004063706
05 06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Table of Contents
Preface Why Do Astrophotography?
........................................................
ix
Foreword ........................................................................................................ xv
Acknowledgements...................................................................................... xvii
Chapter 1 Entering the Digital Realm……………………………………… 1
1.1
Introduction ............................................................................................... 1
1.2
Is Digital Good Enough for Astrophotography? .......................................3
1.3
Is Digital Astrophotography Hard to Master? ...........................................5
1.4
The Digital Advantage ............................................................................10
1.5
Comparing Digital and Film Cameras.....................................................12
1.6
Expectations ............................................................................................ 14
1.7
For Instant Gratification, Shoot the Moon .............................................. 17
1.8
Improving Your Moon Shots .................................................................. 18
Chapter 2 Digital Imaging Using a Webcam .............................................. 25
2.1
Introduction ............................................................................................. 25
2.2
Basic Equipment for Webcam Imaging .................................................. 27
2.3
Setting Up for a Webcam Imaging Session............................................. 29
2.4
Using a Webcam for Astrophotography.................................................. 31
2.5
Image Processing Using RegiStax .......................................................... 40
Chapter 3 The Differences Between Film and Digital Cameras............... 49
3.1
Introduction ............................................................................................. 49
3.2
How Digital Cameras Work.................................................................... 50
3.3
Noise ....................................................................................................... 52
3.3.1
Random Noise......................................................................... 53
3.3.2
Non-Random Noise................................................................. 56
3.4
Image Sensors ......................................................................................... 57
3.5
Sensors Are an Evolving Technology...................................................... 58
3.6
Color........................................................................................................ 60
3.6.1
Tri-color Filters....................................................................... 60
3.6.2
RGB Bayer Pattern Filters ...................................................... 61
3.6.3
Foveon Sensors ....................................................................... 62
3.7
Sensitivity................................................................................................ 63
3.8
Resolution ............................................................................................... 65
3.9
Fill Factor and Microlenses..................................................................... 65
3.10
Sensor Size, Aspect Ratio and Perspective ........................................... 66
iii
iv Table of Contents
3.11
Four-Thirds System to Standardize DSLR Cameras ............................ 68
3.12
Film and Digital Sensors Record Light Differently .............................. 70
3.13
Effective Number of Pixels versus Actual Pixels ................................. 72
3.14
Interpolated Pixels ................................................................................ 73
3.15
AD Converter ....................................................................................... 73
3.16
Image Buffer......................................................................................... 74
3.17
Image Transfer Speed ........................................................................... 75
3.18
White Balance....................................................................................... 75
3.19
Shutter Lag ........................................................................................... 76
3.20
LCD Preview Screen ............................................................................ 77
3.21
Is It Time to Go Digital?....................................................................... 78
Chapter 4 Digital Astrophotography's Special Considerations………….. 81
4.1
Care of Digital Cameras ......................................................................... 81
4.2
Dust and Dirt on the Imaging Sensor...................................................... 82
4.3
The Recording Medium Never Changes................................................. 87
4.4
Overcoming Heat in Digital Cameras..................................................... 87
4.5
Hot, Stuck and Dead Pixels .................................................................... 90
4.6
Dealing with Afocal Vignetting.............................................................. 93
4.7
Predicting Vignetting.............................................................................. 95
4.8
Fixed-Lens Camera Limitations ............................................................. 97
4.9
Digital Camera Viewfinder Limitations ................................................. 98
4.10
DSLR "Crop Factor" and Lens Focal Length ....................................... 99
4.11
Electrical Power Requirements........................................................... 100
4.12
Limited Red Spectral Response.......................................................... 101
Chapter 5 Types of Astrophotography. ..................................................... 109
5.1
Introduction .......................................................................................... 109
5.2
Fixed-tripod Imaging Introduces the Camera to the Sky...................... 110
5.3
Piggyback Adds Tracking Capability ................................................... 115
5.4
Prime Focus Enables Deep-Sky Imaging ............................................. 121
5.5
Eyepiece Projection for Lunar and Planetary Close-ups ...................... 132
5.6
Afocal Photography Allows Use of Fixed-Lens Cameras .................... 135
5.7
Barn Door Star Tracker Photography ................................................... 144
Chapter 6 What Camera to Choose? ......................................................... 145
6.1 Desirable Features in a Digital Astrocamera ........................................ 146
6.1.1
Fixed-Lens Point-and-Shoot Cameras .................................. 146
6.1.2
Digital SLR Cameras ........................................................... 149
6.2
Vast Selection of Digital Models Available .......................................... 150
6.3
Fixed-Lens Cameras ............................................................................. 151
6.4
Interchangeable Lens DSLR Cameras................................................... 153
6.4.1
Canon ................................................................................... 154
6.4.2
Nikon..................................................................................... 155
6.4.3
Olympus................................................................................ 157
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]