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AI WEIWEI
MESSAGE OVER
THEMEDIUM
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CULTURE
BOMB DETECTION
BEATINGDOGS AT
THEIR OWNGAME
PAGE 16
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BUSINESSWITH
SUZYMENKES
WHERE FASHION
AND ARTMERGE
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W:47.211mm
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....
THE GLOBAL EDITION OF THE NEW YORK TIMES
TUESDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2012
GLOBAL.NYTIMES.COM
To aid Libya,
U.S. aims to
create force
of fighters
WASHINGTON
Spain risks
paying more
as it delays
aid request
MADRID
Commandos would help
government in Tripoli
battle Islamic extremists
Uncertainty is weighing
on fragile economy and
could worsen recession
BY ERIC SCHMITT
The Pentagon and State Department
are rushing to help the Libyan govern-
ment create a new commando force to
combat Islamic extremists like those
who killed the American ambassador in
Libya last month and to help counter the
country’s fractious militias, according
to internal government documents.
The Obama administration quietly
won congressional approval last month
to shift about $8 million from Pentagon
operations and counterterrorism aid to
Pakistan to begin building an elite Liby-
an force over the next year that could ul-
timately number about 500 soldiers.
U.S. Special Operations troops could
conduct much of the training, as they
have done with counterterrorism forces
in Pakistan and Yemen, American offi-
cials said.
The effort to establish the new unit
was already under way before the as-
sault that killed the ambassador, J.
Christopher Stevens, and three other
Americans at the U.S. diplomatic mis-
sion in Benghazi, Libya. But the plan
has taken on greater urgency since then
as the new civilian government in
Tripoli tries to assert control over the
country’s militant factions.
According to an internal State De-
partment memo sent to Congress on
Sept. 4, the plan’s goal is to enhance
‘‘Libya’s ability to combat and defend
against threats fromAl Qaeda and its af-
filiates.’’ A companion Pentagon docu-
ment envisions that the Libyan com-
mando force will ‘‘counter and defeat
terrorist and violent extremist organi-
zations.’’ Libya has no such capability
now, American officials said.
A final decision on the program has
not been made, and many details, in-
cluding the ultimate size, composition
and mission of the force, are still to be
determined. But U.S. government offi-
cials say they have discussed the plan’s
broad outlines with senior Libyan mili-
tary and civilian officials as part of a
broader package of American security
assistance.
‘‘The proposal reflects the security
environment and the uncertainty com-
ing out of the government transition in
Libya,’’ said a senior Pentagon official,
who spoke on the condition of anonym-
ity because the programhas not been of-
ficially announced. ‘‘The multi-militia
fabric that’s providing security there
needs to be brought into a more inte-
grated national security system.’’
A spokesman for Libya’s president,
Mohamed Magariaf, did not respond to
detailed inquiries by e-mail, and other
Libyan military officials did not return
phone calls. Its transitional government
is in a state of flux as a newly chosen
prime minister prepares to appoint new
ministers of defense and interior.
Libyan commentators have often ex-
pressed hope that some Western power
might help train its fledgling national
BY LANDON THOMAS JR.
It has become Spain’s version of Godot:
waiting for Rajoy.
For various reasons the country’s
prime minister, Mariano Rajoy, has de-
ferred seeking help from a financial as-
sistance program that Europe has
tailored to Spain’s needs. But many
economists, analysts and business ex-
ecutives here are increasingly worried
about the costs of further delay.
They warn that waiting to seek aid,
and the uncertainty the delay en-
genders, threatens to push the economy
deeper into recession. And that, they say,
could increase the ultimate cost, to Spain
and Europe, if the aid eventually needs
to be granted under crisis conditions.
As long as Spain’s borrowing costs re-
main below 6 percent, as it has been
since the European Central Bank said it
would buy the country’s bonds if Spain
made the request, the Rajoy govern-
ment might seem to have no reason to
rush. But the downgrade of Spanish debt
to near junk status by Standard &Poor’s
last week has underscored the fragility
of the country’s finances. And the seem-
ing political paralysis in Madrid may be
reinforcing a wider economic stasis.
‘‘The economy has stopped,’’ said Án-
gel Berges, the chief executive of AFI,
MAURICIO LIMA FOR THE NEWYORK TIMES
An Afghan Army deserter, Mohammad Fazal Kochai, in Kabul. ‘‘Everybody is trying to make money to line their pockets and build their houses before the Americans leave,’’ he said.
Army without belief struggles to recruit
official at the army’s National Recruit-
ing Center, is on the frontline of that ef-
fort; in the six months through Septem-
ber, he and his teams of 17 interviewers
have rejected 962 applicants, he said.
‘‘There are drug traffickers who want
to use our units for their business, enemy
infiltrators who want to raise problems,
jailbirdswho can’t find any other job,’’ he
said. During the same period, however,
30,000 applicants were approved.
‘‘Recruitment, it’s like a machine,’’ he
said. ‘‘If you stopped, it would collapse.’’
He checks to see whether the ring
tones are Taliban campaign tunes,
whether the screen savers show the
white Taliban flag on a black background,
or whether the phone memory includes
any insurgent beheading videos.
Often enough they flunk that first test,
but that hardlymeans theywill not qual-
ify to join their country’s manpower-
hungry military. Now at its biggest size
yet, 195,000 soldiers, the Afghan Army is
so plaguedwith rampant desertions and
low re-enlistment rates that it has to re-
place a third of its entire force every
year, officials say.
Deserters complain of corruption
among their officers, poor food and
equipment, indifferent medical care,
Taliban intimidation of their families
and, probably most troubling, a lack of
belief in the army’s ability to fight the in-
surgents after U.S. forces withdraw.
On top of that, concerns that enemy
infiltration of the Afghan military is one
of the factors in rapidly rising insider at-
tacks on international forces have re-
sulted in tougher vetting of recruits re-
cently. Colonel Stanikzai, a senior
KABUL
Afghan deserters cite
corruption of officers and
dread of U.S. withdrawal
BY ROD NORDLAND
The first thing Col. Akbar Stanikzai does
when he interviews new recruits for the
Afghan National Army is to take their
cellphones away from them.
DANIEL OCHOA DE OLZA/AP
Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, a cautious
man, has reasons not to sound the alarm.
AFGHANISTAN, PAGE 5
Political ads swamp Las Vegas,
and they hate ’em, hate ’em
LAS VEGAS
BY JEREMY W. PETERS
No one comes here expecting anything
in moderation. But to turn on the televi-
sion these days is to shatter even Vegas-
size notions of excess.
More political commercials have been
broadcast in this city than anywhere
else, giving it the dubious distinction of
being the most saturated media market
in the most profligate year in American
politics.
And late last week, when the number
an economic consulting firm based in
Madrid.
The indicators are grim indeed: Ce-
ment production has reached its lowest
level since the 1960s. Car sales are down
37 percent from last year. And on week-
days the public squares of Madrid are
filledwith the unemployed—young and
old —whiling away the hours.
Even the wealthy are feeling the
strain. In the boat slips of Barcelona,
‘‘For Sale’’ signs hang on nearly every
moored yacht.
The bond-buying program that the
of commercials passed 73,000, Las Ve-
gas set the record as the place with the
most campaign advertisements in a
single year.
With the influx here and in other
battleground states certain to become
even heavier in the final three weeks of
the campaign, this election is surpass-
ing 2008 in the sheer volume of ads and
in the money spent. Media experts esti-
mate that $2.5 billion was spent across
the United States on political advertis-
ing in 2008, and that this year the total
could grow by a third, to as much as $3.3
billion.
Commercials are flying at Nevadans
at a rate of 10,000 per week. At least 98
different ads are in rotation, coming
SPAIN, PAGE 17
PORTUGAL STICKS TO DEFICIT TARGETS
The government presented a draft
budget containing a raft of new tax
increases to appease lenders.
PAGE 3
GREEK LEADER UPBEAT ON CRISIS DEAL
PrimeMinister Antonis Samaras is
hopeful about his country’s recovery, but
business leaders are nervous.
PAGE 16
ONLINE:
ROUND 2 FOR CANDIDATES
Coverage of the Obama-Romney town
hall debate Tuesday at
global.nytimes.com/
KAMRAN JEBREILI/THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Girl’s ordeal
In Abu Dhabi on Monday, girls attended a tribute for Malala
Yousafzai, who was shot by the Taliban. She was flown to Britain for care.
PAGE 8
LIBYA,PAGE4
CAMPAIGN, PAGE 8
WORLDNEWS
E.U. tightens sanctions on Iran
The European Union banned trade in
sectors like finance, metals and natural
gas over Iran’s nuclear program.
PAGE 4
BUSINESS
U.S. economists receive Nobel
Work on market design and matching
theory, which touch aspects of life as
diverse as organ donation and the
selection of a marriage partner,
resulted in the awarding of the Nobel
in economic science to Alvin E. Roth
and Lloyd S. Shapley.
PAGE 16
SoftBank buys stake in Sprint
In one of corporate Japan’s biggest,
most ambitious and riskiest overseas
moves to date, SoftBank has agreed to
acquire 70 percent of Sprint Nextel, the
struggling No. 3 cellphone provider in
the United States. It is the company’s
first major foray into the fiercely
competitive American market.
PAGE 17
Citigroup hurt by joint venture
The bank’s third-quarter earnings
plummeted because of a loss related to
a joint-venture brokerage business
withMorgan Stanley. The drop was
offset slightly by a rise in mortgage
lending and buoyed by a rebound in
capital markets.
PAGE 18
VIEWS
Roger Cohen
Do violent clashes between secularists
andMuslimBrotherhood supporters
reflect the failure of Egypt’s revolution,
or the inevitable churn of liberty and
democracy being birthed?
PAGE 7
Mo’s creative space
It would be intellectually lazy for
distant observers of Mo Yan’s work to
assume that the Nobel laureate offers
an officially sanitized view of China,
writes Julia Lovell.
PAGE 6
ONLINE
Pushback against tolerance
OnMix It Up at Lunch Day, U.S.
schoolchildren are encouraged to hang
out with someone they normally might
not speak to. It was intended as a way
to break up cliques and prevent
bullying. But now a conservative
evangelical group is calling it a ‘‘push
to promote the homosexual lifestyle’’
and is urging parents to keep their
children home.
global.nytimes.com/us
Arming jihadists in Syria
Most arms shipments to Syrian rebels
are going to jihadists, not the secular
groups the West favors.
PAGE 4
AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE, 2012
Cambodia’s towering figure dies
Norodom Sihanouk, who served as
king, prime minister and figurehead of the Communist revolution, was 89.
PAGE 5
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Uneven
change in North Korea
DANDONG, CHINA
School cuts
will sacrifice
the future
behind,turning into anew underclass.
Already, morethan oneof every five
young people in the laborforce is unem-
ployed, according to Eurostat, the Euro-
pean Commission’sstatistics depart-
ment. In Spain, youth unemployment is
as high as 46.4percent;inGreece, 44.4
percent;inSlovakia, 33.2percent;in
Lithuania, 32.9percent; and in Por-
tugal, 30.1percent. By August, only
three memberstates had youth unem-
ployment rateslower than 10 percent:
the Netherlands,Austria and Germany.
The cutbacks in education and grow-
ing youth unemployment coincidewith
two demographic crises facing Euro-
pean governments.
The first is thatthere are too many
old teachers and not enough young
peopletoreplacethem.According to a
new report by theOrganizationforEco-
nomic Cooperation and Development,
morethan 40 percentofsecondary
school teachers in five E.U. countries —
Austria,the Czech Republic, Estonia,
the Netherlands and Sweden — are 50
or older. In Germany and Italy,the
numberismorethan 50 percent.
Androulla Vassiliou, the European
commissionerfor education, culture,
multilingualism and youth, recommen-
dedinareportthatteachers be paid
more. ‘‘Teachers’ remuneration and
working conditions should remain a
top priorityinorder to attract and keep
the bestteachers in the profession,’ ’
she said.
But as education expertspoint out,
how is that possiblewhensome gov-
ernmentsare being told to impose
stringent savings as a preconditionfor
obtaining financial and banking guar-
antees? And wherewill Bulgaria and
Romania,orLatvia, Lithuania and Es-
tonia,obtain extra funding for high
school teachers who, onaverage, earn
about ¤9,500, or $12,250, ayear, accord-
ing to the European Commission?
Second,there is an evenmore seri-
ousdemographic crisis confronting
Europe as increasing numbers of
people retire and feweryoungerpeople
have children.Apoorly educated work
forcethat leaves increasing numbers of
young peopleunemployed will beun-
abletogenerate sufficientwealth to
maintain Europe’sgrowing elderly
population, according to the European
University Association.
And to make matters worse, across
Europethere is a growing shortageof
scientists,engineers and mathe-
maticians just as Asia (and its highly
educatedpopulation) surgesahead. In-
dustry and research centers,especially
in Germany, have repeatedly warned
about the need to invest in these discip-
linesso as to maintain competitiveness.
Yet, analystssay, most governments
do not seem to realize how much de-
cisions made now will shapetheir
countriesfor the next generation.
‘‘There is no quick fix. There can’t
be,’’ said Mr.Primozic of the European
Students’Union. ‘‘That is why we want
the E.U. to focus on the long term. The
youngergenerationisEurope’sfuture.’’
Judy Dempsey is editor in chief, Strategic
Europe, for Carnegie Europe.
(www.carnegieeurope.eu)
E-MAIL:
jdempsey@iht.com
Capital makes progress,
but starvation threatens
many outside the elite
BYANDREW JACOBS
Onher weekly shopping trips to central
Pyongyang,the capital ofNorthKorea, a
52-year-old pig farmer who gave her
name as Mrs.Kim tries to ignorethe
dusting ofprosperity that has begun to
transform the cityinrecent years:the
newly built apartment buildings,the in-
creasing numbers of Mercedes-Benzes
thatzip along once-emptyboulevards,
the smartly dressedyoung women who
conspicuously gab on their newly ac-
quiredcellphones. She has neverbeen to
the Rungna People’s Pleasure Ground, a
new amusement park where children of
theelite howled withdelightthis sum-
merastheyshot downawater slide.
‘‘Why wouldIcare about the new
clothing ofgovernmentofficials and their
children whenIcan’t feed my family?’’
she asked tartly,wringing her hands as
she recounted the chronic malnutrition
that has sickenedher two sons and taken
the lives ofless-well-off neighbors.
In the 10 months sinceKim Jong-un
took the reins of his desperately poor
nationfollowing the death of his auto-
cratic father, North Korea —orat least
its capital — has acquiredmoreof the
trappings ofafunctioning society, say
diplomats, aid groups and academics
who have visitedinrecent months.
But in rare interviews this month with
fourNorth Koreans in this bordercity on
government-sanctionedstays,they said
that at least so far,they had not felt any
improvementsintheir lives sincethe in-
stallment last December of their youth-
fulleader — asentiment activists and
analystssaytheyhave also heard. In
fact, the North Koreans said,their lives
have gotten harder, despite Mr.Kim’s
tantalizing pronouncementsabout lifting
people’slivelihoods that have fueled out-
side hopes thatthe nuclear-armednation
mightease its economically ruinous ob-
session with military hardware and
dabble in Chinese-stylemarket reforms.
Food priceshave spiked,the resultof
drought and North Korea’sdefiant
launching ofarocket in April that shut
downnew offers offood aid from the
UnitedStates.
Development rganizations also
blame speculators who have hoarded
staplesinanticipation ofreforms that
have yet tomaterialize. The priceof rice
has doubled sinceearly summer, and
chronic shortages offuel,electricity and
raw materials continue to idle most fac-
tories, leaving millions unemployed.
‘‘Peoplewere hopeful thatKim Jong-
un would makeourlivesbetter, but so
far theyare disappointed,’ ’ said a 50-
year-old named Mrs.Park,who, like
Mrs.Kim, spokeon the condition that
only her last name beused, fearing re-
tribution whenshe returnedhome.
Heightenedsecurity onboth sides of
the border sinceMr.Kim tookpower has
made sneaking into China much harder
than in recent years; activists who help
ferry refugees to freedominSouthKorea
say sweeps by the Chinese police and a
crackdown onNorth Korean smugglers
who guidetheway to the border has re-
duced to a tricklethosewhotry to leave.
Even ftheir livesare stalkedby
deprivationandafear ofNorth Korea’s
omnipresent security apparatus, he
peoplewho made ittoDandong are a
privilegedlot: All of themarrived on two-
month visas that let them visit relatives
— allowing their governmenttocharge
steepfees that bring it much-neededfor-
eign currency.All of them said they had
overstayed their visas in the hopethey
mightearn enough moneyinChinese
factories orbreweries to feed their famil-
ies and repay black-market loans that fi-
nanced theofficial paperwork.
Withlittle informationseeping out of
thetightly controlledpolice state, their
accounts,told from a safe house rented
by a Christian group, provided a glimpse
into howNorthKoreans are living under
the reign of Mr.Kim,whose family has
ruled the country fordecades.
Although it is possiblethe North
Koreans interviewedare more disen-
chanted than others — given their affil-
iation with Christians,who are gener-
ally very critical of the Communist state
—their accounts,told separately, large-
ly dovetailed with one another’s and
with the assessments offeredbyforeign
aid workers and academics who had re-
cently spenttime in the country.
Judy
Dempsey
LETTER FROM EUROPE
BERLIN
When the European Students’
Unionbegins its twice-yearly conven-
tion Wednesday in the Cypriot resortof
Limassol, itsleadership will be focus-
ing on one issue: cutbacks in education.
Governmentsinmanycountriesin
the European Unionare cutting back
so much on education thatwhen the
E.U. economy recovers, itwill be diffi-
culttosustain growth, studentunion
leaders say. ‘‘We want governments
and the E.U. to invest more in higher
education, in training and in young
people in general,’ ’ theunion’s vice
chairman, Rok Primozic, said.
‘‘But the pointwereally wantto
make is that if European governments
continue to cut back on education,they
are also cutting back on skills. Don’t
governmentssee that, becauseof the
cutbacks,wewill not emerge from the
financial crisis stronger and more com-
petitive?’’
Judging fromareport published this
monthbythe European Commission
forEducation, Culture, Multilingualism
and Youth, governmentssee it differ-
ently.Underpressuretocut their
budget deficits and make savings, 16
E.U. countrieshave reduced orfrozen
teachers’ salaries.
SalariesinGreece have beencut by
30 percent;inIreland, by 13 percent for
new teachers.Analysts said this re-
duces evenfurther the incentive for
young peopletoenteraprofession that
is already neither well paid nor en-
dowed with high social status.
The European University Associ-
ation, alobbying group, arguesina
new reportthatthe cutbacks reveal a
disturbing trend. ‘‘Whenyou lookat
the cutbacks, aNorth-West/South-East
divide in Europe is emerging,’ ’ said
Thomas Estermann, afunding expert
atthe association.
In practice, this could lead to abrain
drain ofstudents and teachers from the
South and the Easttocountries with
some prospects ofjobs. But as the asso-
ciationpoints out, if and when the
Greek,Portuguese and Spanish econo-
miesrecover,they will need well-edu-
cated work forces to sustain any
growth. The most motivated and mo-
bile, however, may already have emi-
grated. Theuneducated,unskilled and
unemployed, meanwhile, will remain
PHOTOGRAPHS BY DAVID GUTTENFELDER/THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
THE AUSTERE
Farmers in a cornfield damaged by summer floods. Food shortages are widespread in North Korea under Kim Jong-un.
THE ELITE
Watching a dolphin show at the Rungna People’s Pleasure Ground, an amusement park that opened recently in Pyongyang.
Daniel Pinkston, aNorth Korea ex-
pertwith the International Crisis
Group, said much of thetalk about
changewas fueledbyMr.Kim’spro-
nouncementsabout improving the stan-
dard ofliving and a public persona that
appears far more amiablethan thatof
his mirthless father,Kim Jong-il,whose
disastrous economic policieshelped
produce a famine in the 1990s that
claimedasmanyastwo millionlives.
‘‘People leapttovery sweeping conclu-
sions about reform, but it’snot aswitch
that happens in a day,’ ’ saidMr.Pinkston,
whovisitedNorth Korea this summer.
‘
‘On theother hand,the privilegedfew
She and theothers suggested thatthe
information vacuum had been easedby
the spread ofcellphones and by South
Korean soap operas that are smuggled
across the border and viewedsecretly
despite thethreatof prison.A58-year-old
retired truck driverfromSunchon, acity
northof the capital, said he and his family
locked their doors and covered their win-
dows when watching the DVDs,which
offered glimpses of well-stockedsuper-
markets and glittering shopping malls.
‘‘I wish we could have suchaclean,
shiny life,’’ he said, adding that few
people he knowsstill believe the gov-
ernment propaganda that paintsSouth
Korea as far more impoverished than
the North.
While he and theotherNorth Koreans
are not foolish enough to question their
leaders openly at home, their personal
reactions to the death of their former
leader last Decemberweretelling.Upon
hearing the news,Mrs.Kim instinct-
ively bought abouquet of white flowers
and headed to alocal government build-
ing,wherethrongs wailedbefore a large
portraitof their Dear Leader.Mrs.Kim
followed their lead, but admitted that
her tears had not beengenuine.
At home, she has preciouslittletime
to think about politics. Shewakes up
each day at dawn to scavenge for edible
greens,thenreturns hometotend the
family’s pigs. Her other vocation, car-
ried out in secret, is making homemade
spirits, brewed om orns and
corncobs,that she sells to wholesalers.
But the two enterprises barely provide
sustenance forherhusband and sons.
The family subsists on the greens, corn-
meal porridge and theoccasional potato
or radish. Foodshortagesare sowide-
spread thatone son had to return home
from the military because hewas ill. His
doctors at home said hewas starving.
Escaping hungerbyillegally crossing
into China appears to be less viable since
Mr.Kim cametopower.According to
SouthKorean officials,the number ofde-
fectors who arrived there after traveling
throughChina had dropped to 751 during
the first six months of2012, a42percent
decline from the same period last year.
Such figuresdo not tell thewhole sto-
ry, since it can take months or even
years forrefugees to earn enough to
travel to South Korea, but rightsadvo-
catessaythe border has become in-
creasingly impenetrable.
TheNorthKorean government has re-
cently erected miles of electrifiedfen-
cing atthe border and sent as many as
20,000 additional guards, according to
Open Radio forNorth Korea,which is
basedinSouth Koreabut has contactsin
theNorth. In recentmonths,the Chinese
government has also begunacrack-
down ondefectors who live in thethree
provinces that borderNorth Korea.
Kim Tae-jin,the presidentofFree NK
Gulag, an activist groupinSeoul, said
defectors living in the South had been
finding it nearly impossibletoreach the
‘‘escape brokers’’ who can bring a rela-
tive to freedom, forasteepfee. ‘‘Before,
the brokers used to be lined upnear the
border, but I think mostof themhave
beencaught,’’ said Mr.Kim, adefector
himself.
The lucky few who make ittoDan-
dong are stunnedbywhatthey find:
car-chokedstreets, hot showers and the
ability to speak out without fear. But
mostly theyare overwhelmedbythe ar-
ray and abundanceofinexpensive food.
While hercompatriots said they had
stuffed themselves withmeat-filled
dumplings and rice, Mrs.Kim ate only
applesfor the first five days. She said
she had not eaten them since childhood.
‘‘I thoughtourcountry lived well,’ ’
she said, ‘‘but I was mistaken.’ ’
Su-Hyun Lee contributed reporting from
Seoul.
ONLINE:
JOIN THE CONVERSATION
Pakistani girl was named for battlefield heroine
‘‘Evil is evil. The Taliban is that …This young woman has more courage
than all of the Taliban put together.’’
JEANIE LOVETRI —NEW YORK
ihtrendezvous.com
‘‘The privileged few who
have a monopoly on certain
sectors are making out like
bandits.’’
who have amonopoly oncertain sectors
aremaking out like bandits.’ ’
In two days ofinterviews with the
North Koreans, a thinly concealed dis-
gust overinequality that has riseninre-
cent years — andarealization thatthe
national credoofjuche, orself-reliance,
was a carefully constructedlie—was
striking.While such feelings appear to
be fedbythe creeping availability ofat
least some informationfrom the outside
world, disillusionment mounted last
spring after the government’spromised
era ofprosperity, slated to begin in April,
wentunfulfilled. The discontent seemed
to solidify with the government’srare
admission of the failedrocket launching.
‘‘We were led to believe thateven
dogs would eat rice cakesin2012,’ ’ said
Mrs.Kim,the pig farmer.Asked wheth-
ershethoughttherewerethosewho
still believedinNorth Korea’sStalinist,
brutally enforced single-party system,
she shookherhead and said, ‘‘Zero.’’
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✴
100, 75, 50 YEARS AGO
1912 Crete Virtually Annexed by Greece
ATHENS
Theterms of the speech of M. Venizelos,
thePrimeMinister, in the Chamber ofDeputies
yesterday [Oct. 14], to which the Cretan Deputies
were admitted, leavesno doubtthatthe annexa-
tion ofCrete is consideredanaccomplished fact
by Greece. M. Venizelos’ speech was deliveredin
measured terms, and,while avoiding making any
straightforward declaration, he recognized, in
fact, that Greece and Crete are henceforth
united. ‘‘Whatevermaytake place,’’ he said,
‘‘Greece and Crete will henceforthhave one and
the sameParliament.’’
1937 Horse Hormones Combat Sterility
DALLAS
Dr.M.Edward Davis, professoratthe
University of Chicago, announced today [Oct. 15]
thatovulationinhitherto sterilewomencould be
producedbyanintravenous injection of the sex
hormoneofpregnant horses. He spoke beforethe
American Association of Obstetricians. ‘‘I have
positive proof,’ ’ he said, ‘‘that a single injection of
this hormone into theveins is enough to provide a
full developmentof ovulation. It might produce
morethan one child, if wanted,’ ’ he added. Dr.
Davis’s discovery theoretically opened theway for
ahuman racemadeup entirely ofsterilewomen.
1962 Kennedy Plea ‘Crass,’ Eisenhower Says
BOSTON
Former President Dwight D. Eisenhow-
er today [Oct. 15] lambastedEdwardM. Kennedy,
thePresident’sbrother, fora‘‘crass, almost arro-
gant’’ appeal to the voters to elect him to theU.S.
Senate. ThenGen. Eisenhower took out after the
President himself in his harshest criticism yet of
Mr.Kennedy’s handling offoreign policy. He said
itwas the productof aimless drift. While he did
not mentionCuba by name, he said tartly at a
televisedpolitical rally tonightthat ‘‘nothreaten-
ing foreign bases wereestablished’’ and no Berlin
walls were built during his own Administration.
SOCOTRA ARCHIPELAGO
A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE
Often called the Galápagos of the Indian Ocean,
the Socotra Archipelago is rich in both biodiversity
and species found nowhere else on the planet.
Read about it on Wednesday in the International Herald Tribune.
Wor
ld News
europe
BRIEFLY
Europe
Scots’ independence vote in 2014
Britain takes
a small step
back from
the E.U.
LONDON
LONDON
Formal accord reached
by Cameron and first
minister in Edinburgh
MOSCOW
Putin’s party dominates
Russian regional elections
Candidates from the pro-Kremlin party
United Russia have won nearly all the
municipal and regional elections held
across the country on Sunday, accord-
ing to results released onMonday.
Officials were clearly relieved by the
results, which came after a long decline
in United Russia’s popularity and a
spike in anti-government activism.
President Vladimir V. Putin said the
party’s victory showed that Russians
support the current government.
United Russia leaders said the out-
come of the vote marked a decisive fail-
ure for the year-old opposition move-
ment, which had staked most of its
hopes on a mayoral race in theMoscow
suburb of Khimki. Early results showed
that Yevgenia Chirikova, a prominent
protest leader, had lost by a wide mar-
gin to an incumbent fromUnited Russia.
VILNIUS, LITHUANIA
Socialist-Labor coalition is set
after conservatives do poorly
Lithuanians have voted for big-spend-
ing politicians and rejected plans for a
new nuclear power plant, undermining
the conservative government’s vision
of becoming a regional energy power-
house.
The populist Labor Party won Sun-
day’s elections with 20 percent of the
vote, while the center-left Social Demo-
crats was second with 18.5 percent. The
two have agreed to form a government
to replace the center-right coalition,
which won just over 23 percent.
The exact composition of the next Par-
liament, which is expected to have 141
seats, will depend on some run-off elec-
tions on Oct. 28, though Labor and the
Socialists are expected to gain a major-
ity. Still, analysts saidMonday that the
two parties, which campaigned on prom-
ises for spending, were unlikely to make
any radical policy departures. But they
are likely to slow harsh fiscal measures
needed to join the euro zone in 2014, a
goal of the conservative coalition.
(AP)
BY ALAN COWELL
Prime Minister David Cameron and
Alex Salmond, the Scottish first minis-
ter, formally agreed on Monday on the
terms for a referendum on indepen-
dence for Scotland that could dismantle
the sometimes uneasy and often uneven
partnership between their lands since
the Act of Union in 1707.
Ending months of preliminary spar-
ring, the two men met and shook hands
in Edinburgh before and after signing
the agreement to hold the vote in autumn
of 2014. The ground rules for the ballot
have been depicted as a compromise:
The votewill offer only a single yes-or-no
question on independence, contrary to
Mr. Salmond’s wishes for a broader
choice; and, despite Mr. Cameron’s ob-
jections, the referendum will be open to
voters as young as 16 — two years below
the national voting age. But the referen-
dum also represents a high stakes
gamble for both leaders, analysts said.
Technically, the agreement simply
transferred to the Scottish authorities
the power to hold a referendum among
Scotland’s five million people, but its
signing was widely seen as a defining
moment in a long drive toward indepen-
dence byMr. Salmond, who had pressed
for the ballot to be held in 2014, later
thanMr. Cameron initially wanted.
The year is significant since it is the
700th anniversary of the Battle of Ban-
nockburn, when a vastly outnumbered
Scottish army annihilated the army of
King Edward II in 1314.
Calling the deal ‘‘The Edinburgh
Agreement,’’ Mr. Salmond cast the sign-
ing as a triumph, saying it was ‘‘a major
step forward in Scotland’s home rule
journey.’’
The signing also foreshadowed a
strenuous bid by Mr. Cameron to keep
the United Kingdom intact.
‘‘Now we’ve dealt with the process,
nowwe should get onwith the real argu-
ment, and I passionately believe Scot-
land will be better off with the United
Government will opt out
of justice and policing
measures it had backed
BY STEPHEN CASTLE
Britain’s efforts to craft a looser, more
detached relationshipwith the European
Union gathered pace Monday when the
government said it planned to opt out of
more than 130 justice and police mea-
sures to which it had once agreed.
The move, which was welcomed by
British critics of the European Union,
represents a significant turnaround for
a country that, until recently, pressed
hard for closer police cooperation
across the Continent.
Britain in fact still wants to continue
in some of the estimated 133 measures
but, under an agreement it struck some
years ago, has first to choose whether it
accepts all of them or none. It can then
discuss with European allies whether it
can opt back in to specific areas.
Theresa May, the home secretary,
said in Parliament on Monday that the
‘‘government’s current thinking’’ is
that it will opt out, then negotiate to re-
join those measures it deems to be in its
national interest.
With the euro zone in crisis and Brit-
ish public opinion increasingly hostile to
further European integration, the decla-
rationMonday seemed intended to send
a strong political signal.
The Conservative Party, led by Prime
Minister David Cameron, is seeking to
take some distance from the 27-nation
bloc partly because his own parliamen-
tarians feel under pressure from the
United Kingdom Independence Party,
which wants to take Britain out of the
European Union altogether.
Mr. Cameron wants to keep Britain in
the Union but redefine its relationship
so as to put at its core the single market
— which is vital for British exports —
while loosening other ties. The idea is to
create a durable settlement, acceptable
to voters who may, eventually, be
offered a referendum.
Meanwhile, the implications of the
declaration remain unclear.
‘‘This is the opening shot in a long and
controversial negotiation over which
European police and judicial coopera-
t
ion Britain wants to stay in, and which
DAVIDMOIR/REUTERS
Alex Salmond, the Scottish first minister, in Edinburgh on Monday with the agreement he signed with Prime Minister David Cameron.
Kingdom but also crucially the United
Kingdom will be better off with Scot-
land,’’ Mr. Cameron said. ‘‘Let the argu-
ments nowbe put and I hope that people
will vote to keep this United Kingdom
together.’’
The Scottish authorities had initially
wanted the referendumto offer two ques-
tions—astraight yes or no on indepen-
dence and an alternative granting great-
er autonomy and powers to the existing
Scottish Parliament and government.
But Mr. Cameron insisted on a single
question that would force Scottish voters
into a clear choice, reflecting a belief that
most Scots would oppose a complete
break with the rest of Britain.
‘‘What we have is one single question,
a very simple single question about
whether Scotland wants to stay in the
United Kingdom or separate itself from
the United Kingdom, ’’ he said.
Mr. Salmond has invested much polit-
ical capital in promoting Scottish inde-
pendence, while Mr. Cameron does not
want history to cast him as the prime
minister who oversaw the unraveling of
the union, particularly since he is to face
the voters to seek a second term in 2015.
‘‘I want to be the prime minister who
keeps the United Kingdom together,’’
Mr. Cameron said.
For his part, Mr. Salmond said the
agreement ‘‘paves the way for the most
important decision our country of Scot-
land has made in several hundred
years.’’
‘‘It is, in that sense, a historic day for
Scotland and a major step forward in
Scotland’s home rule journey,’’ he said.
Asked if his intention was to ‘‘rip up’’
the union flag, the Scottish leader replied,
‘‘We are interesting in building a new re-
lationship, not in ripping things up.’’
Recent polling showed roughly 63
percent of potential voters opposed to
independence and 37 percent in favor,
said John Curtice, a professor at the
University of Strathclyde, in Glasgow.
But with two years to go before a vote,
it remained uncertain whether those
numbers would endure in an era of eco-
nomic austerity and broader uncertain-
ties over issues including Britain’s place
in the European Union and Mr. Camer-
on’s shaky coalition with the Liberal
Democrats.
While Mr. Salmond’s followers are
hoping for a boost from younger voters,
Mr. Curtice said 16- and 17-year-olds
would account for only around 2.5 per-
cent of the eligible electorate.
The battle over independence is likely
to be fought on a broad front including
the economy, with Mr. Salmond’s fol-
lowers saying access to a greater share
of Britain’s North Sea oil reserves
would more than offset the loss of annu-
al transfer payments fromBritain.
Portugal draft budget
sticks to def
icit targets
‘‘Euroskepticism is becoming
a wild river which is going to
drag politicians in directions
they don’t expect.’’
has eroded domestic consumption; this
has raised concerns that Lisbon will not
be able to meet this year’s deficit target
and that the tax increases would further
stifle the economy.
In their most recent reports, credit
rating agencies have suggested that
Lisbon will need to extend the bailout
program beyond next September — a
suggestion that has been firmly rejected
by the Lisbon government.
‘‘The difficulties in formulating politi-
cally palatable measures to meet Por-
tugal’s economic adjustment targets
point to increased risks for program
compliance,’’ Moody’s said in a report
on Oct. 5.
The 2013 draft budget was officially
handed over to Parliament on Monday,
but it is only due to be debated by law-
makers and then voted upon at the end
of this month.
Having won plaudits from the lenders,
Mr. Passos Coelho unexpectedly devi-
ated from the anticipated austerity
script last month by unveiling a social se-
curity tax redistribution plan that caught
employers off guard and created outrage
among employees whose payments
would have been significantly increased.
The social security plan was eventu-
ally withdrawn amid opposition also
f
rom the Popular Party, which is part of
LISBON
BY RAPHAEL MINDER
In the face of amounting popular outcry
against its austerity measures, Por-
tugal’s government on Monday presen-
ted a draft budget containing a raft of
new tax increases designed to allowLis-
bon to meet its agreed deficit targets
with international lenders.
The presentation of the draft budget
came as protesters gathered before Par-
liament in the late afternoon, mirroring
a similar protest last month in Madrid.
Since Sept. 15, when tens of thousands of
Portuguese took to the streets, the coun-
try has seen an unprecedented wave of
protests against an austerity program
whose benefits have been called into
question by a deepening recession and
Portugal’s apparent inability to balance
its books on schedule.
The center-right coalition govern-
ment of Prime Minister Pedro Passos
Coelho is putting in place belt-tighten-
ing prescriptions that were negotiated
inMay last year by the departing Social-
ist administration with international
lenders, in return for a bailout of ¤78 bil-
lion, or about $101 billion.
Portugal’s finance minister, Vítor
Gaspar, said Monday that the govern-
ment would stick to the austerity pro-
gram agreed with lenders, warning that
any deviation would risk the ‘‘viability’’
of Portugal’s economy and hurt its cred-
ibility among investors.
‘‘A responsible country should do ev-
erything possible to avoid such a sce-
nario,’’ he said. ‘‘We don’t have any
room for maneuver.’’
The draft 2013 budget is designed to
yield savings of ¤5.3 billion. About 80
percent of the adjustments come from
tax increases. They include an addition-
al income tax of 4 percent that will be ap-
plied to all salaries and raised by a fur-
ther 2.5 percent for people earningmore
than ¤80,000 a year.
Portuguese citizens also face a rise in
the annual tax for driving their cars,
from 1.3 percent to 10 percent, while
electricity tariffs will be raised on aver-
age 2.8 percent next year.
‘‘The increase in the fiscal burden is
very significant,’’ Mr. Gaspar acknowl-
edged at a press conference onMonday,
calling the latest budget one of the
toughest in Portugal’s recent history.
Like Spain, Portugal was recently
granted an additional year to meet pre-
viously agreed deficit targets. The draft
budget is meant to allow Portugal to
lower its deficit to 4.5 percent of gross
domestic product in 2013, from a target
of 5 percent this year.
But recent tax revenues have been
below expectations, as the recession
it is allowed to stay in,’’ said Hugo
Brady, senior research fellow at the
Center for European Reform in London.
Mr. Brady argued that it was too early to
predict the ramifications but added that
‘‘Euro-skepticism is becoming a wild
river, which is going to drag politicians
in directions they don’t expect.’’
Though most European partners will
probably want Britain to take part in as
many measures as possible, some may
object to its picky attitude or hold an
agreement to ransom on other issues.
The change arises because the Lisbon
Treaty, which came into force in Decem-
ber 2009, put justice and interior mea-
sures on a new basis, giving more
power, for example, to the European
Court of Justice. In exchange for agree-
ing to the treaty, Britain’s last govern-
ment won the right to accept or opt out
of the police and judicial measures. The
new arrangements are due to come into
effect in 2014.
Though it was well received by her
Conservative colleagues, Ms. May’s
declarationwas not as clear-cut as some
expected, reflecting tensions within
Britain’s coalition government.
Yvette Cooper, who speaks for the La-
bour opposition on justice and police is-
sues, accused the government of taking
‘‘an utterly chaotic position.’’
The Liberal Democrats, who are the
junior coalition partners and are more
pro-European than the Conservatives,
favor the European Arrest Warrant,
which speeds and simplifies extradition
between European Union nations. It
was used in a recent high-profile case of
a teacher, Jeremy Forrest ,who was ac-
cused of abducting a pupil.
Ms. May refused to give her view on
the warrant, saying she was ‘‘not talk-
ing about individual measures today.’’
European officials say there may be
additional administrative costs associ-
ated with opting out, then opting back in
— a suggestion not denied by Ms. May
though she blamed the previous gov-
ernment for that situation.
Reaction from the European Commis-
sion, the E.U. executive body, was cau-
tious. Mark Gray, a spokesman, said it
would ‘‘assess the consequences.’’
Hannes Swoboda, the leader of the So-
cialists and Democrats, the main cen-
ter-left group in the European Parlia-
ment called the decision ‘‘utterly
unreasonable’’and said it ‘‘risks ham-
pering the work of police and magis-
trates across the E.U.’’
TO BREAK THE RULES,
YOU MUST FIRST MASTER
THEM.
THE WATCH THAT BROKE ALL THE RULES, REBORN
FOR 2012. IN 1972, THE ORIGINAL ROYAL OAK
SHOCKED THE WATCHMAKING WORLD AS THE FIRST
HAUTE HOROLOGY SPORTS WATCH TO TREAT STEEL
AS A PRECIOUS METAL. TODAY THE NEW ROYAL OAK
COLLECTION STAYS TRUE TO THE SAME PRINCIPLES
SET OUT IN LE BRASSUS ALL THOSE YEARS AGO:
“BODY OF STEEL, HEART OF GOLD.
OVER 130 YEARS OF HOROLOGICAL CRAFT,
MASTERY AND EXQUISITE DETAILING LIE INSIDE
THIS ICONIC MODERN EXTERIOR; THE ALWAYS
PURPOSEFUL ROYAL OAK ARCHITECTURE NOW
EXPRESSED IN 41MM DIAMETER. THE AUDEMARS
PIGUET ROYAL OAK: CELEBRATING 40 YEARS.
The finance minister said
deviating from the program
would risk the ‘‘viability’’ of
Portugal’s economy.
Mr. Passos Coelho’s governing coali-
tion, forcing the government to come up
insteadwith other tax hikes as part of its
2013 budget.
On Monday, Mr. Gaspar, the finance
minister, highlighted a recent improve-
ment in exports, which will leave Por-
tugal this year with a trade surplus for
the first time in 20 years. But econo-
mists expect Portuguese exports to lose
steam next year due to falling demand
from its main European trading part-
ners, starting with Spain.
Among other measures unveiled on
Monday, pensions over ¤1,350 a month
will be cut by 3.5 percent under next
year’s draft budget.
The government recently warned
that the budgetary squeeze could lead
to the loss of tens of thousands of jobs in
a public sector that accounts for about
half of Portugal’s economy.
Mr. Gaspar saidMonday that the gov-
ernment planned to cut staff in the
transportation sector by 20 percent. Un-
der the draft budget, civil servants next
year will lose their Christmas bonus sal-
ary, equivalent to one month’s pay.
ROYAL OAK
IN STAINLESS STEEL.
SELFWINDING
MANUFACTURE MOVEMENT.
ENT.
MANUFACTURE MOVE
world news
africa middle east
Arms for Syria rebels said to help jihadists
E.U. tightens
sanctions on
Tehran over
atom work
lacked a coherent blueprint for govern-
ing Syria afterward if the Assad govern-
ment fell, and quarreled too often among
themselves, undercutting their military
and political effectiveness.
‘‘We haven’t seen anyone step up to
take a leadership role for what happens
after Assad,’’ the diplomat said.
‘‘There’s not much of anything that’s
encouraging. We should have lowered
our expectations.’’
The disorganization is strengthening
the hand of Islamic extremist groups in
Syria, some with ties or affiliations with
Al Qaeda, he said: ‘‘The longer this goes
on, the more likely those groups will
gain strength.’’
U.S. officials worry that, should Mr.
Assad be ousted, Syria could erupt af-
terward into a new conflict over control
of the country, in which the more hard-
line Islamic groups would be the best
armed. That depends on what happens
in the arms bazaar that has been feed-
ing the rebel groups. In several towns
along the Turkey-Syria border, rebel
commanders can be found seeking
weapons and meeting with shadowy in-
termediaries, in a chaotic atmosphere
where the true identities and affiliations
of any party can be extremely difficult
to ascertain.
Late last month in the Turkish border
town of Antakya, at least two men who
had recently been in Syria said they had
seen Islamist rebels buying weapons in
large quantities and then burying them
in caches, to be used after the collapse of
the Assad government. But it was im-
possible to verify those accounts, and
other rebels derided the reports as
wildly implausible.
Moreover, the rebels often adapt their
language and appearance in ways they
hope will appeal to those distributing
weapons. For instance, many rebels
have grown the long, scraggly beards
favored by hard-line Salafi Muslims
after hearing that Qatar was more in-
clined to give weapons to Islamists.
The Saudis and Qataris are them-
selves relying on intermediaries —
some of them Lebanese — who have
struggled to make sense of the complex
affiliations of the rebels they deal with.
‘‘We’re trying to improve the pro-
cess,’’ said one Arab official involved in
the effort to provide small arms to the
rebels. ‘‘It is a very complex situation in
Syria, but we are learning.’’
Robert F. Worth and Eric Schmitt con-
tributed reporting fromWashington.
WASHINGTON
Secular forces backed
by Washington lag
behind hard-line groups
BRUSSELS
BY JAMES KANTER
AND THOMAS ERDBRINK
The European Union toughened sanc-
tions against Iran on Monday because
of the disputed Iranian nuclear pro-
gram, banning trade in sectors like fi-
nance, metals and natural gas, andmak-
ing business transactions in other areas
far more cumbersome.
The European Union’s foreign minis-
ters agreed to the measures, the most
far-reaching since it slapped a ban on oil
imports in July, at a regular meeting in
Luxembourg. In a joint statement, the
ministers expressed ‘‘serious and deep-
ening concerns over Iran’s nuclear pro-
gram’’ and said Iran ‘‘is acting in flagrant
violation of its international obligations.’’
The decision to intensify pressure on
Iran comes amid growing evidence that
sanctions aimed at forcing Iran to sus-
pend its uranium enrichment activities
have begun to inflict serious damage to
its economy.
‘‘We want to see a negotiated agree-
ment,’’ said Catherine Ashton, the Un-
ion’s foreign policy chief who represents
six major powers including the United
States, ahead of the meeting. ‘‘But we
will continue to keep up the pressure,’’
Ms. Ashton said, adding that the sanc-
tions policy ‘‘is important because it’s
quite clearly having an effect.’’
Iran is suffering acute inflation from
the weakness of the rial, the national
currency, which has lost 40 percent of its
value against the dollar thismonth. Out-
side economists have pointed to Iran’s
currency troubles as evidence that the
sanctions, which have severely restric-
ted Iran’s ability to sell oil and do inter-
national banking transactions, are hav-
ing a profound impact.
New signs of problems were reported
last Friday, with severe drops in Iran’s
monthly oil production, automotive pro-
duction and the number of foreign com-
mercial ships docking in Iranian ports.
The sanctions were necessary as a re-
sult of a ‘‘continued failure to satisfy the
world that the programwas for peaceful
purposes,’’ said William Hague,
BY DAVID E. SANGER
Most of the arms shipped at the behest
of Saudi Arabia andQatar to supply Syr-
ian rebel groups fighting the govern-
ment of Bashar al-Assad are going to
hard-line Islamic jihadists, and not the
more secular opposition groups that the
West wants to bolster, according to U.S.
officials andMiddle Eastern diplomats.
That conclusion— of which President
BarackObama and other senior officials
are aware from classified assessments
of the Syrian conflict, which has now
claimed more than 25,000 lives — casts
doubt on whether the White House’s
strategy of minimal and indirect inter-
vention in the Syrian conflict is accom-
plishing its intended purpose of helping
a democratic-minded opposition topple
an oppressive government, or is instead
sowing the seeds of future insurgencies
hostile to the United States.
‘‘The opposition groups that are re-
ceiving the most of the lethal aid are ex-
actly the ones we don’t want to have it,’’
said one U.S. official familiar with the
outlines of the findings, commenting on
an operation that in American eyes has
increasingly gone awry.
The United States is not sending arms
directly to the Syrian opposition. In-
stead, it is providing intelligence and
other support for shipments of second-
hand light weapons like rifles and gren-
ades into Syria, mainly orchestrated
from Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The re-
ports indicate that the shipments organ-
ized from Qatar, in particular, are large-
ly going to hard-line Islamists.
The assessment of the arms flows
comes at a crucial time for Mr. Obama,
in the closing weeks of the election cam-
paign with two debates looming that
will focus on his foreign policy record.
But it also calls into question the Syria
strategy laid out by Mitt Romney, his
Republican challenger.
In a speech at the Virginia Military In-
stitute last week, Mr. Romney said he
would ensure that rebel groups ‘‘who
share our values’’ would ‘‘obtain the
arms they need to defeat Assad’s tanks,
helicopters and fighter jets.’’ That sug-
gested he would approve the transfer of
BULENT KILIC/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE
A Free Syrian Army fighter training Monday in Idlib Province. U.S. officials fear that arms reaching hard-liners may fuel future conflicts.
weapons, like antiaircraft and antitank
systems, that aremuchmore potent than
any the United States has been willing to
put into rebel hands so far, precisely be-
causeU.S. officials cannot be certainwho
will ultimately be using them.
But Mr. Romney stopped short of say-
ing that hewould have theUnited States
provide those arms directly, and his
aides said he would instead rely on Arab
allies to do it. That would leave him, like
Mr. Obama, with little direct control
over the distribution of the arms.
U.S. officials have been trying to un-
derstand why hard-line Islamists have
received the bulk of the arms shipped to
the Syrian opposition through a shad-
owy pipeline with roots in Qatar and, to
a lesser degree, Saudi Arabia. The offi-
cials, voicing frustration, say there is no
central clearinghouse for the shipments
and no effective way of vetting the
groups that ultimately receive them.
Those problems were central con-
cerns for the head of the C.I.A., David H.
Petraeus, when he traveled secretly to
Turkey last month, officials said.
The C.I.A. has not commented on Mr.
Petraeus’s trip, made to a region he
knows well from his days as the U.S.
Army general in charge of Central Com-
mand, which is responsible for all Amer-
ican military operations in the Middle
East. Officials of countries in the region
say that Mr. Petraeus has been deeply
involved in trying to steer the supply ef-
fort, though U.S. officials dispute that
assertion.
One Middle Eastern diplomat who
has dealt extensively with the Central
Intelligence Agency on the issue said
that Mr. Petraeus’s goal was to oversee
the process of ‘‘vetting, and then shap-
ing, an opposition that the U.S. thinks it
can work with.’’ According to American
and Arab officials, the C.I.A. has sent of-
‘‘The opposition groups that
are receiving the most of the
lethal aid are exactly the ones
we don’t want to have it.’’
ficers to Turkey to help direct the aid,
but the agency has been hampered by a
lack of good intelligence about many
rebel figures and factions.
Another Middle Eastern diplomat
whose government has supported the
Syrian rebels said his country’s political
leadership was discouraged by the lack
of organization and the ineffectiveness
of the disjointed Syrian oppositionmove-
ment, and had raised its concerns with
U.S. officials. The diplomat, who spoke
on the condition of anonymity because
he was discussing delicate intelligence
issues, said the various rebel groups had
failed to assemble a clear military plan,
the
British foreign secretary.
But Carl Bildt, the Swedish foreign
minister, emphasized the need for a
more intensive diplomatic effort along-
side sanctions.
‘‘I think there are voices that sound
like they want a war,’’ Mr. Bildt said.
‘‘We don’t want war.’’ Adiplomatic solu-
tion continued to be ‘‘under discussion
although not always necessarily in the
public domain,’’ he said.
Iran has insisted that the sanctions
will have no effect on the country’s
uranium enrichment program, which
the Iranians have called peaceful but
theWest has called a guise for the devel-
opment of nuclear weapons capability.
The latest measures make it far more
complicated for Europeans to do deals
with Iran. The EuropeanUnion ‘‘agreed
to prohibit all transactions between
European and Iranian banks, unless au-
thorized in advance under strict condi-
tions with exemptions for humanitarian
needs,’’ according to an official state-
ment about the action.
The statement said that the European
Union also had ‘‘decided to strengthen
the restrictive measures against the
Central Bank of Iran. Further export re-
strictions have been imposed, notably
for graphite, metals, software for indus-
trial processes, as well as measures re-
lating to the ship building industry.’’
The European Union ministers also
warned that they would take further
diplomatic and economic steps if the
government in Tehran failed to quell
concerns over its nuclear program.
Their statement said they remained
‘‘determined to increase, in close coor-
dination with international partners,
pressure on Iran.’’
The new European Union sanctions
on Iranian natural gas, at least, had
been anticipated by Iran, where the
statemedia said the authorities had pre-
emptively ordered a halt to natural gas
exports to Europe.
Thomas Erdbrink reported from Tehran.
Rick Gladstone contributed reporting
fromNew York.
To aid Libya, U.S. rushes
to create commando force
LIBYA,FROMPAGE1
Libya improve controls over its borders.
After the revolution, vast arsenals of the
Qaddafi-era army were looted, and
Western officials are particularly wor-
ried that thousands of shoulder-fired
anti-aircraft missiles were spirited out
of the country, possibly into the hands of
extremist groups.
The proposed Libyan commando
force springs from an unusual partner-
ship between the State Department and
the Pentagon. Just last year, Secretary
of State Hillary RodhamClinton and the
defense secretary at the time, RobertM.
Gates, agreed to pool resources from
their two departments in a new fund ap-
proved by Congress to respond more
quickly to counter emerging threats
from Al Qaeda and other militants in
places like Libya, Nigeria and Bangla-
desh.
American officials have had an eye on
helping Libya since the NATO-led oper-
ation toppled Colonel Qaddafi’s govern-
ment last year, and since a set of new ci-
vilian Libyan leaders began trying to
bring order to the country.
Suliman Ali Zway contributed reporting
from Tripoli, Libya.
army, so the proposal may be well re-
ceived. But the plan still faces many
challenges, including how to get buy-in
from the powerful militias in Libya
while at the same time taming their in-
fluence, and vetting a force to weed out
Islamic extremists.
‘‘Over all, it’s a sound strategy, but
my concern is that in the vetting they
make sure this doesn’t become a Trojan
horse for the militias to come in,’’ said
Frederic Wehrey, a senior policy ana-
lyst with the Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace, who visited Libya
recently and wrote a paper last month
on security in the country,
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DEATH NOTICE
Charles Finch Barber
Former chairman of ASARCO, Rhodes Scholar, and
past director of the New York Stock Exchange,
died peacefully at home in Greenwich, CT on September 30, 2012 at the age of 95.
He was born February 26, 1917 in Chicago, Illinois and graduated from Northwestern
University, Harvard Law School, and Oxford University. During World War II, he
served in the U.S. Navy for five years. He served as Navy Secretary to the Joint War
Plans Committee in Washington DC. Later, he was Aide and Flag Secretary to Admiral
R. A. Spruance, Commander of the Fifth Fleet in the Pacific.
After the war, as a lawyer with Covington and Burling, he helped represent Pakistan for
the 1960 Indus Treaty with India.
Then, he joined the staff of the Justice Department as Assistant to the Solicitor
General of the United States and argued cases in the U.S. Supreme Court.
His principal business career was in the mining and metals industry. As chairman of
ASARCO, Inc., he expanded copper production and helped finance the Cuajone copper
mine in Peru. He received the Copper Man of the Year Award and served as chairman
of the American Mining Congress.
He was a member of the Americas Society and the Council on Foreign Relations.
Most recently, he was public director for the New York Stock Exchange and
chaired its Regulatory Advisory Committee.
He was also director for several companies and mutual funds.
For 2000, he was named Fund Trustee of the Year by Institutional Investor.
In 1947, while a Rhodes Scholar in Oxford, England, he married Lois Helen LaCroix.
They enjoyed hiking and sailing together.
She passed away three years ago after 62 years of marriage.
They are survived by their four children,
Brad Barber, Ann Barber, Robin Barber, and Elizabeth Siegler.
Services were held on Friday, October 12th at the First Presbyterian Church in
Greenwich, CT. In lieu of flowers, please send donations in his name to the Boy Scouts
of America Chicago Area Council,
1218 West Adams, Chicago, IL 60607, USA. 312-421-8800.
“We are so proud at the IHT to have
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The couple’s support for Africa is legendary and their urgent enthusiasm
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and responsible manufacturing is a good fit with fashion. Diesel founder
Renzo Rosso has been working in Mali and across Africa, through his
Only The Brave Foundation, and has a vision of what can be achieved,
with imagination and enthusiasm, across the continent.”
CORRECTION
•
A Properties article Friday about the
British manor house Bradley Court mis-
stated the location of Wotton-under-
Edge. It is northeast of Bristol, not south.
IHT Classifieds
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middle east asia
world news
West Bank women push for a bigger voice
N. Sihanouk,
charismatic
former head
of Cambodia
BY ELIZABETH BECKER
AND SETHMYDANS
Norodom Sihanouk, the charismatic
Cambodian leader whose remarkable
skills of political adaptation personified
for the world the tiny, troubled kingdom
where he was a towering figure for six
decades, died Monday in Beijing. He
was 89.
His death was announced by Deputy
estinians, 50,000 of whom live in an area
controlled by Israel, these will be the
first local elections since 1976, when Ms.
Qawasmi’s father-in-law was elected
mayor. Khalil Shikaki, who runs the Pal-
estinian Center for Policy and Survey
Research, said that the ‘‘all-female list
is a very innovative idea, but Hebron is
the worst place to test its viability.’’
Another women’s slate is running in a
village near Ramallah.
This is a tribal, religious place where
it is rare to see women’s hair; a decade
ago, it was unusual to see a woman driv-
ing. Fewwomenwork outside the home,
and Ms. Qawasmi said she had closed
the women’s sports club in 2005 because
the members were blocked from play-
ing soccer or basketball in public or jog-
ging on the street.
‘‘If you are a nurse or you are a teach-
er, O.K., but to be a leader, a decision
maker — they think the woman has a
small mind,’’ Ms. Qawasmi said of her
neighbors. ‘‘The woman needs help, but
she can’t do anything because she’s
afraid to raise her voice. I will shout.’’
Raised in Jordan, Ms. Qawasmi went
to a Beirut university before marrying
an architect from one of Hebron’s lead-
ing families. She has five children, ages
7 to 20, and manages the local office of
the Palestinian news agency while vo-
lunteering with women’s groups.
She said she was spending about
$5,000 of her own money on the cam-
paign, and struggling even to recruit
candidates. People have warned that
her husband would take a second wife
because the campaign was causing her
to neglect her duties at home. Her plat-
form is, essentially, that more women
should be on the 15-member council. At
ameeting last week, when the owners of
a factory raised issues like new roads,
smoke-free workplaces, electricity bills
and public toilets, she respondedmostly
with statements like ‘‘Those who took
care of you are women — your mother.’’
In the middle of a recent day of cam-
paigning, she came home to a sink full of
dirty dishes. Later, her youngest child,
Lilah, complained, ‘‘You forget us,’’ and
asked for a bedtime story.
‘‘I said, ‘I’m tired,’ ’’ Ms. Qawasmi re-
called. ‘‘So I told her a story about me,
about my campaign. I said, ‘Give me a
chance; in 10 years, you’ll be so proud of
me.’ She said, ‘I’m proud of you now.’ ’’
And then Ms. Qawasmi fell asleep in
her daughter’s bed.
Khaled Abu Aker contributed reporting.
HEBRON, WEST BANK
All female-ticket breaks
mold in local elections in
the Palestinian territories
BY JODI RUDOREN
The faces of five men in business suits
and one woman in a white head scarf
beam under the slogan ‘‘Modern
Hebron’’ on campaign banners along
the streets of this famously conserva-
tive city before the local elections sched-
uled for Saturday. Other banners saying
‘‘Hebron Independents’’ feature 12 less
formal photos, including three women,
with looks more stern than smiling.
But the purple banners labeled ‘‘By
Participating, We Can’’ show no faces,
only a drawing of a vaguely female fig-
ure, arms aloft, in front of the Palestin-
ian flag and the Tomb of the Patriarchs.
The drawing stands in for the pictures of
11 women, the first all-female slate of
candidates for elective office in the Pal-
estinian territories, and possibly in the
Arab world.
‘‘My picture, perhaps it will lose a
vote,’’ explainedMaysoun Qawasmi, 43,
leader of the Participation ticket. ‘‘I’m
sure if I put pictures onmy fliers, people
will say, ‘Maysoun is coming here to
teach the women of Hebron to go
against customs.’ ’’
Ms. Qawasmi’s long-shot, low-budget
campaign is one of hundreds unfolding
across the West Bank this month in the
first Palestinian elections of any kind in
six years, which analysts describe as an
important if imperfect taste of democra-
cy in a place where politics are adrift.
Peace talks with Israel are frozen. Re-
conciliation efforts between the Fatah
party, which controls the Palestinian
Authority in the West Bank, and the
Hamas faction that rules the Gaza Strip
also seem to be perpetually stalled.
Street protests last month were largely
suppressed, and there is no internal
challenge to Mahmoud Abbas, the pres-
ident of the Palestinian Authority.
So the chance to elect municipal coun-
cils is seen as amuch-needed opportuni-
ty for political expression, and 4,696 can-
didates, including 1,146 women, are
running in 94 cities and villages.
‘‘People are fed up — they don’t think
they should be held hostage until the re-
conciliation is there,’’ said Hisham
Kuhail, chief executive of the Palestin-
OBITUARY
Prime Minister Nhiek Bunchhay, ac-
cording to news services. The former
king had been dogged by ill health for
years and had regularly traveled to
China for treatment.
King Sihanouk was crowned in 1941,
when Franklin D. Roosevelt was presi-
dent of the United States, and held on to
some form of power for the next 60-plus
years. He served as monarch, prime
minister, figurehead of the Communist
revolution, leader in exile, and once
again as monarch until he abdicated in
2004. He handed the crown to one of his
sons, Norodom Sihamoni, after which
he was known as the retired king, or the
king-father.
He survived colonial wars, the Khmer
Rouge and the intrigues of the ColdWar,
but his last years were marked by ex-
pressions of melancholy, and he com-
plained often about the poverty and
abuses of ‘‘my poor nation.’’
Alternately charming and ruthless,
he dazzled world leaders with his polit-
ical wit and, in the process, raised the
stature of his small Southeast Asian na-
tion. He won independence for Cambo-
dia from its French colonial rulers in
1953, using diplomacy and repression to
outmaneuver his domestic rivals but
without resorting to war as his neigh-
bors in Vietnam had done.
He put his nation on a modern footing
in the 1960s, especially bolstering the
education system, but his Buddhist so-
cialist agenda did poorly and produced
economic stagnation.
When the VietnamWar threatened to
engulf the region, he tried to carve out a
neutral role for Cambodia, siding neither
with the Communists nor with the
United States. But when the Vietnamese
Communists began using the port of Si-
hanoukville and Cambodia’s eastern
border to ship military supplies on the
Ho Chi Minh Trail, he took steps to re-
pair relations with the United States. He
turned a blind eye when the administra-
tion of President Richard M. Nixon un-
dertook a secret bombing campaign in
1969 against the border area of Cambo-
dia. But that only further unsettled his
country and led to a coup that ousted
him the next year.
Convinced that the United States had
been behind his overthrow, King Siha-
nouk allied himself with the Khmer
RINA CASTELNUOVO FOR THE NEWYORK TIMES
Maysoun Qawasmi, center, campaigning in Hebron as the leader of the Participation ticket in elections scheduled for Saturday.
ian election commission.
‘‘There are
the ability to operate comes from Isra-
el.’’
A September poll by the Palestinian
Center for Policy and Survey Research
found that 50 percent of West Bankers
did not plan to vote, and 43 percent said
the elections would not be fair; nearly
half did not believe that the voting
would actually take place.
On the street, cynicism abounds. Ay-
ub Sharawi has a ‘‘Modern Hebron’’
poster in his clothing store because he is
a friend of two of the candidates, but he
said he would probably not vote.
‘‘We don’t trust Palestinian leaders—
we see each one of them is working for
himself,’’ Mr. Sharawi said. ‘‘Even the
good people couldn’t do anything be-
cause of the pressures around.’’
Some are trying. In Bethlehem, Fadi
Kattan, a tourism entrepreneur, is man-
aging a slate of candidates called the Fu-
ture and pushing the message on social
media that, he said, ‘‘you don’t need any
more people who are 75 years old; you
need young people’’ who can run amod-
‘‘It’s an attempt
on the part of Fatah
to generate a sense
of legitimacy.’’
things that can be moved.’’
But the balloting, which has been
postponed twice since 2010, is hampered
by a Hamas boycott and the Fatah lead-
ership’s removal of members who chose
to run outside the party’s official slates.
(About 250 localities are not voting,
either because no candidates registered
in time or because only a single slate
signed up.) And while municipal coun-
cils are the form of government closest
to people’s lives the world over, in the
West Bank they lack control over taxes,
development projects and,
ern city. In Nablus, Ghassan Shakaa, a
member of the Palestine Liberation Or-
ganization’s executive committee, said
he had resigned fromFatah to run an in-
dependent slate because ‘‘people want
to see change.’’ In the village of Qira, 9
slates are vying for 600 votes, said Mr.
Kuhail, the election commission chief.
For the first time this year, there are
quotas requiring that one of every five
council seats goes to a woman, and in
nine cities, there also are set-asides for
Christians. Nour Odeh, aPalestinianAu-
thority spokeswoman, said 17 percent of
the municipal council members were
women, and she noted that a group of
women had been the first to lobby for
Palestinian independence in 1920.
In Hebron, home to about 200,000 Pal-
in most
places, even basic services.
‘‘It’s an attempt on the part of Fatah
to generate a sense of legitimacy,’’ said
BasemEzbidi, a political science profes-
sor at Birzeit University. ‘‘Of course, it’s
always nice to have the fresh blood, but
in Palestine it’s a different story. It’s not
going to make that much of a difference
on the ground whether X or Z or Y is
really running the city, knowing that the
money comes from the Europeans and
Never-ending struggle
for Afghan recruits
AFGHANISTAN, FROMPAGE 1
Ghubar declined to givemore than his
first name, but was not worried about
being photographed. ‘‘There is no ac-
countability,’’ he said. ‘‘If they had any
accountability, it wouldn’t be such a bad
army.’’
Most of his complaints were echoed
by the 10 other deserters interviewed on
the record for this article.
‘‘I wanted to serve my country, my
homeland,’’ Ghubar said. ‘‘But after I
joined, I saw the situation was all about
corruption. The officers are too busy
stealing the money to defeat the insur-
gents.’’
Mohammad Fazal Kochai, 28, who
deserted from the 1st Brigade of the
201st Corps a year ago but still proudly
shows the army ID card he carries in his
wallet, had a particularly rough time
during his year in service. Stationed in
the dangerous Tangi Wardak area of
Wardak Province, his company—about
100 men — lost 25 wounded and 15 killed
while he was there.
Still, he said, hewould have stayed if it
were not for the corruption of his of-
ficers. ‘‘Everybody is trying to make
money to line their pockets and build
their houses before the Americans
leave,’’ he said.
At the National Recruitment Center,
Colonel Stanikzai keeps working, but he
admits a bleak outlook.
‘‘The news of the American with-
drawal has weakened our morale and
boosted the morale of the enemy,’’ he
said. ‘‘I am sorry to speak so frankly. If
the international community abandons
us again, we won’t be able to last.’’
The colonel’s hunt for infiltrators is
rooted in realism. Often the Taliban cell-
phone telltales are adopted by people in
rural areas as a protection in case the in-
surgents stop them, he said, so alone
they are hardly grounds for dismissal.
One day last month, his caseload in-
cluded a convicted murderer from Kun-
duz: Abdullah, a 30-year-old who has
only one name. He had neglected to
mention his criminal record, but it was
discovered through biometric files com-
piled with American assistance.
Abdullah pleaded that it had been a
crime of passion and the victim’s family
had forgiven him and accepted the cus-
tomary blood money. Colonel Stanikzai
sent him back to Kunduz to get a letter
from the police chief certifying him for
service. Abdullah tried to kiss the colon-
el’s hand in gratitude.
‘‘We are going through a very, very
hard time here,’’ the colonel said.
Jawad Sukhanyar and Habib Zahori con-
tributed reporting fromKabul, and em-
ployees of The New York Times from
Khost, Kunar, Kunduz and Kandahar
provinces.
Along with it would collapse the core
of the American exit strategy in Afghan-
istan: to build an AfghanNational Army
that can take over the war and allow the
United States and NATO forces to with-
draw by the end of 2014.
Despite the challenges, that is not only
on track so far, but recruiting targets are
actually ahead of schedule. Afghanis-
tan’s army reached its full authorized
strength in June, three months early,
though there are still very few units able
to operate without NATO assistance.
According to Brig. Gen. Dawlat
Waziri, the deputy spokesman for the
Afghan Defense Ministry, the army’s
desertion rate is now 7 to 10 percent. In
addition, he said, despite substantial
pay increases for soldiers who agree to
re-enlist, only about 75 percent do.
Put another way, a third of the Afghan
Army’s force perpetually consists of
first-year recruits fresh off a 10- to 12-
week training course. And in the mean-
time, tens of thousands of men with mil-
itary training are put at loose ends each
year, albeit without their armyweapons,
in a country full of militants and militias
who are always looking for help.
‘‘Fortunately there are a lot of people
whowant a jobwith the army, andwe’ve
always managed to meet the goal set by
the Ministry of Defense for us,’’ said
Gen. Abrahim Ahmadzai, the deputy
commander of the National Recruit-
ment Center. Currently, the country’s 34
provincial recruitment centers have a
combined quota of 5,000 new recruits a
month.
‘‘We’re not concerned about getting
enough youngmen,’’ General Ahmadzai
said. ‘‘Just as long as we get that $4.1 bil-
lion a year fromNATO.’’
That is the amount pledged by the
United States and its allies to continue
paying the expenses of the Afghan mili-
tary. In terms of soldiers’ pay, that un-
derwrites $260 a month for the lowest
ranks, which in Afghanistan is above-
average pay for unskilled labor. A sol-
dier who re-enlists would get a 23 per-
cent raise, to at least $320 amonth, more
if he had been promoted.
But even as pay rates have risen, so
has attrition, which two years ago was
26 percent. The trend is troubling — es-
pecially the desertions — as Afghan
forces have shouldered an increasing
share of the fighting.
Afghan deserters, meanwhile, live so
openly that they list their status as a job
reference.
Ghubar, 27, who is from Parwan but
lives in Kabul, deserted from his bat-
talion with the First Brigade in Kabul
just six months into his three-year com-
mitment. Citing his military training, he
promptly got a job as a security guard.
CHHOY PISEI/AFP
King Sihanouk was criticized for dramatic
shifts in allegiances over the years.
Rouge at the urging of his Chinese pat-
rons, giving the Cambodian Commu-
nists his prestige and enormous pop-
ularity. Their victory in 1975 brought the
ruthless Pol Pot to power, with King Si-
hanouk serving, for the first year, as the
figurehead president until he was
placed under house arrest and fell into a
deep depression. Over the next four
years, the Khmer Rouge regime caused
the deaths of 1.7 million people and
nearly destroyed the country.
Criticized throughout his life for the
dramatic shifts in allegiances, King Si-
hanouk skillfully manipulated the great
powers, usually with the support of
China, to ensure his survival as well as
his country’s independence. His worst
nightmare, he said in an interview, was
to be pushed out of his country’s politic-
al life into a quiet retirement.
Instead, King Sihanouk returned as
monarch in 1993 after an accord
brokered by the United Nations ended
nearly 14 years of war in Cambodia.
Toward the end of his life, he rarely
ventured outside Asia and was often in
Beijing, where the Chinese government
maintained a villa for him.
Michael Leifer, a professor at the Lon-
don School of Economics who died in
2001, wrote that ‘‘the powerful myth of
Sihanouk contributed to the people of
Cambodia and the international com-
munity’’ repeatedly turning to him ‘‘as
the font of national unity.’’
He added: ‘‘The record of the man,
however, would suggest a greater facil-
ity for reigning than for ruling. He has
been more at home with the pomp and
circumstance of government than with
its good practice.’’
ONLINE:
IHT RENDEZVOUS
The legacy of King Norodom
Sihanouk might be forever sealed
and tarnished by his alliance with the
Khmer Rouge.
ihtrendezvous.com
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