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CONTENTS
PREFACE
xvii
GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS
xix
INTRODUCTION
1
CHAPTER 1: WORDS
7
1.2
Notes on spelling and pronunciation
8
Consonants
8
Vowels
10
Diphthongs
11
Stress
11
1.3–8
Sound changes in complex words
12
1.4
Prefi xes
ber-
,
per-
,
ter-
12
1.5
Prefi xes
meN-
and
peN-
13
1.6
Exceptions to the rules for
N
15
1.7
MeN-
and
peN-
with single-syllable bases
17
1.8
Reduplicated bases with
meN-
and
peN-
18
1.9–37
Word-forming processes
18
1.10–25
Full reduplication
18
1.11
Reduplication without corresponding
single bases
19
1.12–14
Reduplication of nouns
19
1.15
Reduplication of pronouns
22
vi
Contents
1.16–18
Reduplication of adjectives
22
1.19–24
Reduplication of verbs
23
1.25
Reduplication of numbers
24
1.26
Partial reduplication
24
1.27–9
Imitative reduplication
25
1.30–5
Compounds
26
1.36–7
Infi xes
28
1.38–285
Affi xes
29
1.44–117 Derivation of nouns
30
1.45–9
Prefi x
peN-
30
1.50–5
Prefi x
pe-
32
1.56
Prefi x
per-
33
1.57–71
Suffi x
-an
33
1.72–86
Circumfi x
ke-…-an
38
1.87–92
Circumfi x
peN-…-an
41
1.93–102 Circumfi x
per-…-an
44
1.103–4
Circumfi x
pe-…-an
48
1.105–7
Suffi xes
-wan
,
-wati
,
-man
48
1.108
Suffi xes
-anda
,
-nda
49
1.109
Prefi x
ke-
49
1.110
Prefi x
ter-
50
1.111
Prefi x
pra-
50
1.112–17 Comparison of noun-forming affi xes
50
1.118–34 Derivation of adjectives
52
1.119–22 Prefi x
peN-
52
1.123–5
Circumfi x
ke-…-an
53
1.126
Suffi xes
-i
,
-wi
,
-iah
55
1.127–9
Prefi x
se-
55
1.130–2
Suffi x
-an
56
1.133
Prefi x
tuna-
57
1.134
Prefi x
antar-
57
1.135–44 Derivation of adverbs and adjuncts
58
1.136–41 Affi xation
se-…-nya
with reduplicated
bases
58
1.142
Suffi x
-an
with reduplicated bases
60
1.143
Circumfi x
se-…-an
with reduplicated bases 60
1.144
Prefi x
ber-
with reduplicated bases
60
1.145–63 Derivation of numbers
60
1.146–8
Prefi x
se-
60
Contents
vii
1.149–50 Prefi x
per-
61
1.151–3
Prefi x
ke-
61
1.154–7
Suffi x
-an
62
1.158–62 Prefi x
ber-
63
1.163
Circumfi x
ber-…-an
64
1.164–285 Derivation of verbs
64
1.165–245 Primaryverbs
65
1.166
Simple intransitive verbs
65
1.167–77 Intransitive verbs with
ber-
65
1.178
Prefi x
ber-
combined with prefi x
si-
69
1.179–84 Intransitive verbs with
meN-
69
1.185
Comparison of simple,
ber-
and
meN-
intransitive verbs
71
1.186
Transitive verb affi xation
72
1.187–8
Simple transitive verbs
72
1.189–90 Transitive verbs with suffi x
-kan
73
1.191–204 Causative
-kan
74
1.205
‘Instrumental’
-kan
83
1.206–7
Benefactive
-kan
84
1.208
Suffi x
-kan
with two functions
87
1.209
Other functions of
-kan
88
1.210
Optional
-kan
88
1.211
Transitive verbs with suffi x
-i
89
1.212–22 Locative
-i
89
1.223
Verbs with and without
-i
96
1.224
Optional
-i
97
1.225
Locative verbs without
-i
98
1.226–8
Repetitive
-i
98
1.229–33 Suffi xes
-kan
and
-i
compared
100
1.234–8
Transitive verbs with prefi x
per-
102
1.239–44 Transitive verbs with affi xation
per-…-kan
105
1.245
Transitive verbs with affi xation
per-…-i
107
1.246–85 Secondary verbs
108
1.247–53 Base
-meN-
base verbs
108
1.248–51 Reciprocal base
-meN-
base verbs
108
1.252–3
Verbs meaning ‘everything/anything
to do with’
110
viii
Contents
1.254
Verbs with
ber-…-an
111
1.255–60 Reciprocal
ber-…-an
verbs
111
1.261
Random action
ber-…-an
verbs
113
1.262–4
Verbs with
ber-…-kan
114
1.265–75 Verbs with prefi x
ter-
116
1.266
Stative
ter-
verbs
116
1.267
Accidental
ter-
117
1.268
Intransitive accidental
ter-
verbs
118
1.269–71 Transitive accidental
ter-
verbs
118
1.272
Abilitative
ter-
verbs
120
1.273
Potentially ambiguous
ter-
verbs
122
1.274
Retention and loss of suffi xes with
ter-
verbs
123
1.275
Other forms with
ter-
123
1.276–84 Verbs with circumfi x
ke-…-an
124
1.285
Verbs with prefi x
ke-
130
CHAPTER 2: PHRASES
131
2.2–63
Nouns and noun phrases
131
2.3–4
Nouns
132
2.5–60
Noun phrases
133
2.6–11
Demonstratives
133
2.12–33
Quantifi ers
136
2.13–20
Numbers
136
2.21–6
Classifi ers
138
2.27–30
Partitives
142
2.31–3
Numbers, classifi ers and partitives—
further comments
145
2.34–6
Diminutives and honorifi cs
145
2.35
Si
146
2.36
Sang
146
2.37–9
Modifying nouns
147
2.40–4
Possessors
148
2.45
Adjectives in the noun phrase
150
2.46
Modifying verbs
152
2.47
Attributive verbs
153
2.48
Relative clauses in the noun phrase
154
2.49
Adjuncts in the noun phrase
154
2.50
Functions of
-nya
in the noun phrase
155
Contents
ix
2.51
Refl exive
sendiri
156
2.52
Lain
and
lainnya
in the noun phrase
157
2.53
Attributive nouns in action noun phrases 157
2.54
Bahwa
and
supaya
/
agar
complements
in noun phrases
159
2.55–60
Word order within the noun phrase
160
2.61–3
Noun phrases in apposition
162
2.64–96
Pronouns and pronoun phrases
164
2.65
Demonstrative pronouns
164
2.66–74
Personal pronouns
164
2.67–9
Pronoun substitutes
166
2.70
Third person pronouns
dia
and
ia
168
2.71
Bound forms of pronouns
170
2.72
Pronouns indicating possession
172
2.73–4
Pronouns referring to non-humans
172
2.75–82
Personal pronoun phrases
173
2.76
Demonstratives
173
2.77
Relative clauses in personal pronoun
phrases
174
2.78–80
Numbers in pronoun phrases
174
2.81
Refl exive
sendiri
175
2.82
Apposition
175
2.83–92
Indefi nite pronouns
175
2.93–6
Number pronouns
179
2.97–105
Adjectives and adjective phrases
180
2.98
Adjectives
180
2.99
Adjective phrases
182
2.100
Modifying adverbs
182
2.101
Comparative phrases
183
2.102
Superlative phrases
185
2.103
Equative phrases
186
2.104
Negated adjectives
188
2.105
Experiencer phrases
188
2.106–17
Numbers and number phrases
189
2.107–12 Cardinal numbers
189
2.113–17 Indefi nite numbers
192
2.118–31
Prepositions and prepositional phrases
194
2.119–25 Locative prepositions
194
2.126–31 Other prepositions
198
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